History -- some of it intensely personal -- leant heavily on Christopher Nolan when he was making his wartime epic "Dunkirk", which got ecstatic reviews from critics Tuesday.

The English-born director of the "Batman" movies had longed for years to tackle the story of how a kind of victory was pulled from Britain's worst defeat of World War II.

And given its string of five-star reviews it was worth the wait, with the Hollywood Reporter calling it "an impressionist masterpiece", The Guardian deeming it "his best film" while Variety -- blown-away by its "vertebrae-rattling" pace -- simply declared, "What an achievement it is!" 

Yet the film's setting could not be more sombre.

With the cream of the British army trapped by a lightning German advance into northern France in May 1940, the country's new leader Winston Churchill was told they would be lucky to get 30,000 men out alive.

But in nine days more than 10 times that number of British, French and Canadian troops were evacuated in what became known as the "Miracle of Dunkirk".

Many were plucked from the beaches by a flotilla of "little ships" crewed by civilians who answered the call to cross the Channel.

Their courage came home to Nolan and his wife, producer Emma Thomas, when they crossed the same stretch of water in a small boat in what he described as "one of the most difficult and frankly dangerous experiences of my life."

"It drove home to us how heroic this was," Thomas told AFP. "And no one was shooting or dropping bombs on us."

"I grew up in a household where the war was very important," Nolan added.

- Grandfather's grave -

"My grandfather (Francis Thomas Nolan) was a navigator on a Lancaster bomber and he died near here in 1944. While we were shooting the film I took the children to see his grave. Seeing my own grandfather and the rest of his crew in a communal grave, you realise the concept of entertainment and war is a very tricky thing."

Which is why "Dunkirk" -- despite its relentless high-octane score and action scenes -- is not "really a war film", he said.

Indeed Nolan wanted to turn it into a "survival story... and to create a different feeling and rhythm to what people have ever seen or experienced before in a cinema."

"The leads at the heart of the film are kids," he told AFP, including the pop star Harry Styles of One Direction fame.

"You are not expecting them to take on the German army. When you see the young soldier played by Fionn Whitehead at the beginning (fleeing German fire) you just want this guy to be OK. You don't have a problem with him dropping his rifle and running. Because that is what you would have done."

For a while, Nolan -- who is known for his technical and narrative daring -- toyed with even making "Dunkirk" "almost as a silent film", driven by "pictures and sound effects rather than dialogue".

 

- Brexit bombshell -

 

"I was looking for ecstatic truth of what happened" to the hundreds of thousands of men left stranded like sitting ducks on the beach.

"I was trying to make pure cinema," he said, using huge IMAX cameras and shooting with 70mm film -- twice the size of the usual format -- to make the "experience overwhelmingly real".

Rather than relying on special effects, Nolan shot on, above and off the very beaches where the evacuation took place with real World War II planes and warships.

Some of the original "little ships" which picked the soldiers up were also pressed back into service.

The gargantuan production starring Cillian Murphy, Kenneth Branagh and Mark Rylance even involved rebuilding the one kilometre-long (1,093-yard) breakwater called The Mole, from which thousands of troops were taken onto larger ships.

"I think we had the largest marine unit ever used in a film," Nolan added. "At one point we had 60-plus boats in the water," including three former minesweepers, a destroyer and a hospital ship.

Storms played havoc with the "arduous" shoot, ripping chunks out of The Mole. But Nolan said they also gave him "incredible images that you couldn't plan or fake."

And then as filming reached its climax last year came the Brexit bombshell. Suddenly the prospect of another retreat from Europe gave the film an unexpected and unwanted political resonance.

Nolan said that "like most British people we didn't think Brexit would happen".

With the idea of Britain alone against the world again in the air, he warned against "the Dunkirk spirit" being abused.

"Dunkirk is always being used by politicians as a symbol of something. But whenever anyone tries to link it with contemporary politics they are flying in the face of the fact that it happened in 1940," he said.

Source: AFP