Syrian forces told to quell protests 'by all means necessary'

Grainy pictures of soldiers abusing protesters Syrian activists on Thursday marked the nine month anniversary of the uprising by paying tribute to those killed since March. The Local Co-ordination Committee (LCC) of Syria claims the death toll has increased to 5,216, including 968 defected soldiers and 356 children it says.
Following is the Violation Documentation Centre's estimate of deaths by province:
Homs: 1782
Hama: 805
Daraa: 591
Idlib: 591
Damascus Suburbs: 407
Lattakia: 251
Deir Ezzor: 172
Tartous: 131
Damascus: 119
Aleppo: 91
Hasaka: 39
Riqah: 24
Suwaidaa: 24
Qunaytra: 6
The UN also estimates that more than 5,000 people have been killed. But activists told news network Al-Jazeera that the actual figure could be far higher.
Farah Atassi, a Syrian political activist told the channel:  "We estimate that the number [of dead] is way higher than [the number given by the UN] ... because it is so hard to get the final number of casualties in Syria ... mainly because there are so many young men and women who have disappeared. Their families don't know where they are; whether they are arrested or dead .... Sometimes they find those people in mass graves."
Meanwhile, Syrian army deserters killed at least 27 soldiers and members of the security forces during clashes in the southern province of Daraa on Thursday, a rights group said.
 The fighting broke out at dawn at checkpoints in three separate locations, the Britain-based Syrian Observatory for Human Rights said in a statement sent to AFP in Nicosia.
 In its latest statement, the rights group said that among 25 civilians killed on Wednesday was an Iraqi woman shot by snipers on the outskirts of Damascus.
 International journalists face severe restrictions on their movements in Syria, and it is hard to verify reports.
The clashes came as Human Rights Watch (HRW) said in a report released Thursday based on interviews with former soldiers who defected that Syrian military commanders have ordered troops to indiscriminately shoot at unarmed protesters.
 The defectors named 74 military and intelligence officers "who allegedly ordered, authorised, or condoned widespread killings, torture, and unlawful arrests," the rights group said in a statement.
 Troops were ordered to stamp out the anti-government demonstrations "by all means necessary", including lethal force, HRW said.
 It said that about half of the defectors interviewed were given direct orders to fire on both protesters and bystanders.
 "Defectors gave us names, ranks, and positions of those who gave the orders to shoot and kill," Anna Neistat, HRW's associate director for emergencies, said in a statement.
"The Security Council should ensure accountability by referring Syria to the International Criminal Court."
The group spoke to dozens of defectors who said they had understood this as authorisation to use lethal force.
The report also documented cases of torture, including soldiers using electric cattle prods, restricting detainees to confined spaces and carrying out summary executions.
It included the case of "Amjad," a soldier deployed to Deraa who said that he received direct orders from his commander to fire on protesters on April 25.
"He said: 'Use heavy shooting. Nobody will ask you to explain'. Normally we are supposed to save bullets, but this time he said: 'Use as many bullets as you want'."
In a recent interview, Syrian President Bashar Al-Assad said he had given no orders for violence to be used against protesters and that he did not control the security forces.
He has also denied that there was ever a command "to kill or to be brutal" though he has admitted that "mistakes" have been made.
But HRW says that under international law, commanders are responsible for crimes committed by their subordinates if they knew or should have known about violations and failed to investigate or stop them.
"It is reasonable to conclude, at minimum, that Syria's senior military and civilian leadership knew about them.
"The ongoing killings, arrests, repression, and general denials of responsibility by the Syrian government also make clear that officials have failed to take any meaningful action to address these abuses," the report reads.
The United Nations Human Rights Council accused the Syrian authorities of crimes against humanity and systematic human rights violations, in a report at the end of November.
The top UN human rights official, Navi Pillay, has also said Syria should be referred to the International Criminal Court.
 Assad has blamed the bloodshed on armed rebels, and HRW said it had documented cases where anti-regime forces have attacked government soldiers.
 But, the rights group said, most of the protests it documented were largely peaceful, adding that the Syrian military commanders responsible for abuses committed against demonstrators must be held accountable.
 The New York-based rights group said its report, "By All Means Necessary," was based on interviews with more than 60 Syrian former soldiers.
 As the toll mounted, UN chief Ban Ki-moon urged world powers to act "in the name of humanity" against the crackdown, and the US State Department's special coordinator on Middle East affairs, Frederic Hof, likened the Damascus regime to a "dead man walking."
 The United Nations said this week estimated that more than 5,000 people have been killed in the Syrian government's crackdown on dissent, which enters its 10th month on Thursday.